摘要 :
The development of technologies like Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) and Differentiated Services has laid the foundation for Internet to support multimedia applications like Voice over IP. Although much work has been done on...
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The development of technologies like Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) and Differentiated Services has laid the foundation for Internet to support multimedia applications like Voice over IP. Although much work has been done on laying MPLS paths to optimize performance, most has focused on satisfying bandwidth requirements. Relatively little research has been done on laying paths with both bandwidth and delay constraints. In this paper, we present bandwidth-delay constrained routing algorithms that use knowledge of the ingress-egress node pairs in the network in reducing the rejection rates for setting up new paths. Simulation is used to evaluate the algorithms and compare their performance against some existing algorithms for bandwidth constraints that have been modified to handle delay constraints. The results show that the proposed algorithms outperform all others under a wide range of workload, topology and system parameters.
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With the popularity of digital cameras, more and more people have accumulated considerable digital images on their personal devices. As a result, there are increasing needs to effectively search these personal images. Automatic im...
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With the popularity of digital cameras, more and more people have accumulated considerable digital images on their personal devices. As a result, there are increasing needs to effectively search these personal images. Automatic image annotation may serve the goal, for the annotated keywords could facilitate the search processes. Although many image annotation methods have been proposed in recent years, their effectiveness on arbitrary personal images is constrained by their limited scalability, i.e. limited lexicon of small-scale training set. To be scalable, we propose a search-based image annotation algorithm that is analogous to information retrieval. First, content-based image retrieval technology is used to retrieve a set of visually similar images from a large-scale Web image set. Second, a text-based keyword search technique is used to obtain a ranked list of can-
didate annotations for each retrieved image. Third, a fusion algorithm is used to combine the ranked lists into a final candidate annotation list. Finally, the candidate annotations are re-ranked using Random Walk with Restarts and only the top ones are reserved as the final annotations. The application of both efficient search techniques and Web-scale image set guarantees the scalability of the proposed algorithm. Moreover, we provide an annotation rejection scheme to point out the images that our annotation system cannot handle well. Experimental results on U. Washington dataset show not only the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm but also the advantage of image retrieval using annotation results over that using visual features.
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In an asymmetrical interval data set, the error ranges of the upper and lower interval ends are different. This situation is common in practice because of the usual presence of uncertain influences. In prior "crisp input and inter...
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In an asymmetrical interval data set, the error ranges of the upper and lower interval ends are different. This situation is common in practice because of the usual presence of uncertain influences. In prior "crisp input and interval output" regression analysis, a crude symmetrical estimation is obtained, and the asymmetrical character of training data cannot be depicted exactly. In this paper, an asymmetrical interval data analysis is proposed for the first time. The two interval ends are studied independently, and a set of regression models and e-insensitive functions are proposed to strengthen the description of the interval ends. The support vector machine (SVM) is imported into this approach (for its model-free character in nonlinear regression) and further extended by ￡-insensitive functions to the extended e-SVM. A robust algorithm is presented to eliminate the effect of outliers. Experiments are then presented to verify the quality of performance of the extended e-SVM. Advantages over other approaches are considered in the conclusion.
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In this paper, we propose a novel attempt of model-free image annotation which annotates images by mining their search results. It contains three steps: 1) the search process to discover visually and semantically similar search re...
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In this paper, we propose a novel attempt of model-free image annotation which annotates images by mining their search results. It contains three steps: 1) the search process to discover visually and semantically similar search results; 2) the mining process to identify salient terms from textual descriptions of the search results; and 3) the annotation rejection process to filter out noisy terms yielded by step 2). To ensure real time annotation, two key techniques are leveraged - one is to map the high dimensional image visual features into hash codes, the other is to implement it as a distributed system, of which the search and mining processes are provided as Web services. As a typical result, the entire process finishes in less than 1 second. Our proposed approach enables annotating with unlimited vocabulary, and is highly scalable and robust to outliers. Experimental results on both real web images and a bench mark image dataset show the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
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This paper presents a new approach, called cubic clipping, for computing all the roots of a given polynomial within an interval. In every iterative computation step, two cubic polynomials are generated to enclose the graph of the ...
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This paper presents a new approach, called cubic clipping, for computing all the roots of a given polynomial within an interval. In every iterative computation step, two cubic polynomials are generated to enclose the graph of the polynomial within the interval of interest. A sequence of intervals is then obtained by intersecting the sequence of strips with the abscissa axis. The sequence of these intervals converges to the corresponding root with the convergence rate 4 for the single roots, 2 for the double roots and super-linear 4/3 for the triple roots. Numerical examples show that cubic clipping has many expected advantages over Bezier clipping and quadratic clipping. We also extend our approach by enclosing the graph of the polynomial using two lower degree k < n polynomials by degree reduction. The sequence of intervals converges to the corresponding root of multiplicity s with convergence rate (k+1)/s.
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SoftPM is a toolkit that supports a process-based approach to software project management. It relies upon a software process modeling method based upon the idea of an Organization-Entity to define standard processes and model proj...
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SoftPM is a toolkit that supports a process-based approach to software project management. It relies upon a software process modeling method based upon the idea of an Organization-Entity to define standard processes and model project processes. The Process-Agent is the core of this modeling method and is a well-defined unit whose role is to encapsulate an Organization-Entity's knowledge, skill etc. The Process-Agent's infrastructure comprises descriptive knowledge, process knowledge and an experience library. The process knowledge is represented by process steps, whose execution determines the behaviors of the Process-Agent. This causes Process-Agent knowledge to be precisely described and well organized. In this paper, Little-JIL, a well-known process modeling language, is used to define a Process-Agent's process knowledge. Benefits for process element knowledge representation arising from Little-JIL's simplicity, semantic richness, expressiveness, formal and precise yet graphical syntax etc., are described. The article also demonstrates how this knowledge can be useful in supporting project planning activities, such as time estimation.
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Variegated expression of inhibitory killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) for MHC class I molecules helps NK cells distinguish normal from aberrant self and avoid autoreactivity. Prior studies of KIR promoters have produced conflic...
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Variegated expression of inhibitory killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) for MHC class I molecules helps NK cells distinguish normal from aberrant self and avoid autoreactivity. Prior studies of KIR promoters have produced conflicting results and no cis-acting sites have been independently confirmed. We took a comprehensive linker-scanning mutagenesis approach and substituted 24 consecutive 10-bp segments in the human KIR3DL1 promoter. Our analysis revealed eight segments that activated and three segments that repressed KIR transcription. Site-directed mutagenesis and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that optimal KIR transcription requires a proximal Ets site that binds several Ets family members, a cAMP response element (CRE), a Runx site and a site that mediates complex interactions between Ets family members, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) and YY1; Sp1 also contributes to KIR transcription. KIR transcription was greatly reduced by several compound mutations and was abrogated by a combination of mutations that affected the proximal Ets site, and the CRE, Runx, Sp1 and Ets/STAT sites. The many transcription factors that contribute to KIR transcription are partially redundant in the setting of transient transfection assays, helping to explain why only 0–2 activating sites had been reported in each of three prior studies. We propose that the multiplicity of transcription factors enables NK cells to sustain continuous KIR expression in diverse cellular and cytokine milieus, thus preventing NK autoreactivity.
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THis paper is mainly concerned with solving the following two problems: Problem Ⅰ. Given X ∈ C~n×m, ∧=diag(λ_1, λ_2, …, λ_m) ∈ C~m×m. Find A ∈ ABSR~n×n such that AX=X∧ Where ABSR~n×n is the set of all real n×n anti-...
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THis paper is mainly concerned with solving the following two problems: Problem Ⅰ. Given X ∈ C~n×m, ∧=diag(λ_1, λ_2, …, λ_m) ∈ C~m×m. Find A ∈ ABSR~n×n such that AX=X∧ Where ABSR~n×n is the set of all real n×n anti-bisymmetric matrices. Problem Ⅱ. Given A ∈ R~n×n. Find A ∈S_E such that ‖A-A‖_F=min _A∈S_E‖A-A‖F, wehre ‖·‖_F is Frobenius norm, and S_E denotes the solution set of Problem Ⅰ. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the solvability of Problem I have been stud- ied. The general form of S_E has been given. For problem Ⅱ the expression of the solution Has been provided.
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Recruitment of activated immune cells into white adipose tissue (WAT) is linked to the development of insulin resistance and obesity, but the mechanism behind this is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Yl receptor signaling in imm...
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Recruitment of activated immune cells into white adipose tissue (WAT) is linked to the development of insulin resistance and obesity, but the mechanism behind this is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Yl receptor signaling in immune cells controls inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity. Selective deletion of Yl receptors in the hematopoietic compartment of mice leads to insulin resistance and inflammation in WAT under high fat-fed conditions. This is accompanied by decreased mRNA expression of the anti-inflammatory marker adiponectin in WAT and an increase of the proinflammatory monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). In vitro, activated Y1-deflcient intraperitoneal macrophages display an increased inflammatory response, with exacerbated secretion of MCP-1 and tumor necrosis factor, whereas addition of neuropeptide Y to wild-type macrophages attenuates the release of these cytokines, this effect being blocked by Yl but not Y2 receptor antagonism. Importantly, treatment of adipocytes with the supernatant of activated Yl-deficient macrophages causes insulin resistance, as demonstrated by decreased insulin-induced phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and Akt as well as decreased expression of insulin receptor substrate 1. Thus, Yl signaling in hematopoietic-derived cells such as macrophages is critical for the control of inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity.
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